Micriobiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Micriobiology - Essay Example (1). Though bacteroides and escherichia are gram-negative bacteria with similar rod like shape, they are in different sections of the Bergey’s Manual, because they belong to different species. Escherichia belongs to the facultative species, while bacteroides belong to the anaerobic species. (2). DNA cloning is the process used for this genetic recombination. This process involves the isolating the DNA from the bacteriophages, and then using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments called restriction fragments. The restriction fragments are then introduced into the bacteria. (1). A DNA virus on penetrating a host cell releases the viral genome from the capsid and using the host cell polymerases begins transcribing viral mRNA. New virions are then assembled and released through cell lysis or by budding off the cell membrane. Whereas the lytic cycle of an RNA virus is dependent on the polarity of the RNA and whether the genetic material is single stranded or double stranded. In the creation of their genomes RNA viruses are very dependent on virally encoded RNA replicase (1). Viruses cause tumor by changing cells through the integration of their genetic material with DNA of the host cell. It was believed that only DNA viruses could cause cancer, as DNA viruses can directly insert their genetic material into the host cell DNA. RNA viruses can also cause cancer by first transcribing their RNA to DNA and then inserting the genetic material into the host cell DNA. (1). 4. You are growing Bacillus subtilis in nine 16,000-liter fermenters to produce enzymes for industrial use. The Bacillus cultures had been growing for two days when the cells in one of the fermenters lysed. Explain what happened in this fermenter. The phospholipid bilayer is important to living cells as it enables cell coagulation and provides living cells with the ability to sense and react to the

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 134

Essay Example standards, innovation style, experimentation with drugs, alternative sexualities, interest in eastern religion, and rejection of materialism and claims of national consciousness. Kerounac, one of the ‘beat’ writers allows that it was it was street hustler Harbert Huncke who originally used the phrase ‘beat’ in an earlier discussion with him. ‘beat’ could colloquially mean ‘beaten down’ with the African-American community of the period and had developed from the image ‘beat to his socks’. One of the beat writers however altered the image and the meaning to include the connotations upbeat, beatific and a musical association of being ‘on the beat. John Clellon Holmes writes the article ‘This is the Beat Generation’ in New york Times Magazine in November 16, 1952 which gives several sentiments about the generation culture. The first concern is an eighteen-year old California girl who had been picked up for smoking marijuana and wanted to talk about it. In view of her contention, one of every five people you meet from the beat generation is a user of marijuana and people should leave them alone to do their own things. The writer is also concerned with a girl sentiment in a court courthouse for stealing a car and says that she believed small business to be dead and it intended to become a comfortable cog in the in the largest corporation it could find. The same generation is caught in the uncovering of the first non-virgin club in Illinois. The writer brings out the image of a group that drinks themselves to relaxation and as a way to solve their problems. Their sexuality morals are in question when the author points out that secretary of the beat generation are confused if to sleep with their boyfriends anytime, anywhere or to wait. They drink around and drive off to Detroit on a whim. The author sees the origin of the word ‘beat’ as obscure. To him it implies the feeling of having been used while still raw. He interprets it like some